Literature That Defends Victims, Not Power.
Amrus Natalsya, Interogasi Orde Baru (‘New Order Interrogation’), 1961.
‘It was the worst when I was released. That’s the biggest prison I had to face’.
Martin Aleida recalls the moment he was released from prison at the end of 1966. The then twenty-two-year-old writer emerged from nearly a year behind bars to Jakarta unable to find his friends and comrades. His workplace, Harian Rakjat (‘The People’s Daily’), the official newspaper of the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI), was no longer. His Party and cultural organisation, Lekra (Lembaga Kebudajaan Rakjat or ‘The Institute for People’s Culture’), was banned – and has been illegal ever since.
Three months into the pandemic, Tricontinental: Institute for Social Research reached out to the now seventy-six-year-old Martin. Though a North Sumatra native, Martin has lived in Jakarta since the early 1960s, where he responded to us from a local library that he frequents every Saturday.
‘There are a lot of events and feelings I had gone through during the last fifty years that I couldn’t tell.’ Martin first tells us about his recently published memoir, Romantisme Tahun Kekerasan (‘Romance in the Years of Violence’). Martin, however, isn’t his name at all.
‘During the thirty-two years of military rule under General Suharto, in order to write, I had to use a pseudonym – Martin Aleida – since as a writer I was prohibited by the authorities to write. Being accused arbitrarily and without proof that I was involved in the failed coup attempt of the September 30th Movement in 1965 [also known as G30S] by the military, I couldn’t get back to my professional field as a writer. The same applied to thousands of teachers, civil servants, even puppet masters who were prohibited from going back to their fields, unless they were prepared to be investigated again and again with the possibility of being detained, and at worst, eliminated’.
The September 30th Movement was a military splinter group that carried out an early-morning action in 1965, resulting in the kidnapping and killing of six senior officials. Though the details of the day continue to be murky, what is clear is that the communists were scapegoated. This event served as a convenient pretext for the genocidal crackdown on the PKI that was to come. Led by the US-backed General Suharto – perhaps known better to the CIA than to the Indonesian people at the time – in the short months that followed, one million communists and their sympathisers were murdered. President Sukarno – not a communist, but still a great champion of the Third World project and convener of the 1955 Afro-Asian Conference in Bandung – was deposed. Suharto and his ‘New Order’ military dictatorship would stay in power for the next thirty-two years until 1998.
Faced with one of the bloodiest and most-silenced massacres of communists in history, Martin deepened his commitment to literature – one that, as he says, ‘defends the victims, not power’. Under the penname of Martin, he writes novels and short stories, fiction and non-fiction, about the suffering of the people and the disappeared and the silenced aspirations of a generation. He writes in Bahasa Indonesian – one of the Indonesian languages that was adopted as a language of the national struggle in 1928 and matured out of necessity through the anti-colonial and anti-feudal struggles of the 1930s and 1940s.
In one short story, the protagonist Dewangga lies on her deathbed, reliving memories of an entire marriage with her husband, Abdullah. Only in her final moments, after a lifetime spent together in silence, do they finally have the courage to reveal their militant pasts to one another – he as a jailed activist in 1965, she as an organiser of landless peasants. Martin’s recent memoir, he hopes, can revive these not uncommon stories of Dewangga and Abdullah for the younger generation about life before 1965, life after, and the conditions that led to this still open wound in Indonesian history.
We are the Legitimate Heirs of World Culture.
Hendra Gunawan, War and Peace, c. 1950s, oil on canvas, 93.7 x 140.3 cm, Collection of National Gallery Singapore.
When they say the ‘the east was red’, it was because the east was indeed red. In 1965, the PKI had three and a half million cadre and 20 million people in its mass organisations of youth, women, peasants, and workers. It was the third largest communist party in the world, after the People’s Republic of China and the Soviet Union. Lekra was one of its mass organisations with over 200,000 members, totalling 1.5 million with its supporters. Lekra was likely the world’s largest cultural organisation not affiliated with a state to have ever existed. Too little is known about this historic organisation.
As a former member of Lekra, Martin recalls, ‘I was attracted by the organisation’s point of view that literature should take a side and uphold justice of the oppressed majority – the labourers, peasants, and fishermen. Literature, and art in general, are predestined to defend the oppressed’. In August of this year, Lekra would have celebrated seventy years since its founding – sharing the date of 17 August with Indonesia’s independence, a struggle that has always been intimately connected with the battle over culture.
Two decades earlier, Indonesia’s national liberation was born out of a cultural cry. After independence was proclaimed on 17 August 1945, the Dutch and Japanese continued to hold onto their colonial interests until 1949. Gelanggang, a group of artists associated with the Siasat weekly magazine aligned with the Socialist Party of Indonesia, published its ‘Testimony of Beliefs’, a cultural manifesto for the months-young nation state:
We are the legitimate heirs of world culture, and we will perpetuate this culture in our own way. We were born from the ranks of ordinary people, and for us, the concept of ‘the people’ signifies a jumbled hodgepodge from which new, robust worlds are born. Our Indonesian-ness does not just derive from our brown skin, our black hair or our prominent foreheads, but rather from what is expressed by the form of our thoughts and feelings… Revolution for us is the establishment of new values on top of obsolete ones which must be destroyed… Our appreciation of the surrounding conditions (society) is that of people who acknowledge the reciprocity of influences between society and the artist.1
It was in this moment when many revolutionary cultural organisations flourished. Lekra was not only the largest but was also the most left-aligned. Many of its senior members were PKI cadre, including two of Lekra’s founding members: Njoto, editor of Harian Rakjat who was elected into the PKI’s five-member politburo, and D.N. Aidit, the Party’s future secretary-general. Both of them were killed in 1965.
At Lekra’s first National Congress in 1959, Secretary-General Joebaar Ajoeb said, ‘Lekra was founded in 1950 due to an awareness of the essence of the August 1945 Revolution and of the connection between the Revolution and culture, an awareness that the Revolution has great significance for culture, and, at the same time, culture has great significance for the August Revolution’.
From this congress, Lekra was divided into seven institutes: Literature, Fine Arts, Film, Theatre, Music, Dance, and Science. Through each of these artistic languages, Lekra artists sought to build a new culture, rooted in the traditional, and infused with revolutionary ideas. The cultural tasks were tall and many; they ranged from systematising popular and traditional music to identifying the decadent aspects that persisted, from developing a cultural political education program to encouraging new creative production, from rediscovering ‘people’s music’ and instruments to organising international cultural exchanges. Through its fifteen-year existence, Lekra not only mobilised millions, but developed cultural practices rooted in the people’s concrete and material conditions. From their organising, new expressive forms and new artistic theories emerged – they were, in essence, writing art history in the Marxist tradition.
To Catch the Heartbeat of Those Below.
Amrus Natalsya, Mereka Yang Terusir Dari Tanahnya (‘Those Chased Away from Their Land’), 1960, oil on canvas, 80 x 187 cm, Collection of National Gallery Singapore.
One of Lekra’s key principles was Turun ke bawah or turba (‘descend from above’2), which was concretised in the first National Congress as a theory to guide the artist-militant’s work. ‘It literally means going down to the grassroots – working, eating, living with labourers, landless peasants, and fishermen’, Martin explains. Along with the ‘three alikes’ – work alike, eat alike, sleep alike – this methodology ‘was a way to intensify your imagination and inspiration, to sharpen your feelings about how hard the lives of the people are’.
Hersri Setiawan was another Lekra member and the Indonesian representative to the Afro-Asian Writers’ Association in the 1960s. He was jailed on Buru Island for many years for his work with Lekra. In the documentary Tjidurian 19 – named after the street address of Lekra’s secretariat in Jakarta, which was raided during the crackdown – he remembers spending days hoeing and weeding and nights discussing folk tales while weaving with the peasants. To him, the purpose of an artist was to ‘catch the heartbeat of those below’.
Martin spoke about Amrus Natalsya, a prominent Lekra sculpturer whose work was admired by President Sukarno and exhibited at the Bandung conference art exhibition. Amrus lived among the Central Javanese peasants and created one of his most famous wood sculptures after a land dispute that resulted in the death of eleven landless peasants. The work was a record of an event, an analysis of class struggle, and an embodiment of the Lekra principle kreativitas individual dan kearifan massa (‘individual creativity and the wisdom of the masses’). The eighty-six-year-old Amrus held his last solo exhibition in Jakarta last year entitled Terakhir, selamat tinggal dan terima kasih (‘The last, farewell and thank you’).
But the Spirit Lives, If It Is Right.
Viva Cuba, collection of Lekra poetry in homage to the Cuban Revolution, 1963.
In 1959, Sukarno called upon artists to stand in the ranks of the anti-colonial and anti-imperialist fronts. He knew that developing a robust national culture must be anti-imperialist. ‘We must be more vigilant, more tenacious, and more persevering in opposing imperialist culture, especially US imperialist culture, which in reality continues to threaten us in every shape and way.’ This was also the year of the Cuban Revolution.
In those six years before Sukarno was deposed, he was getting closer to the left flank of the Non-Aligned Movement, of which both Cuba and Indonesia were a part. They were united against imperialism and jointly organised the Tricontinental Conference that would take place in Havana in 1966 – the very conference that we pay homage to in our own name at Tricontinental: Institute for Social Research. Neither the PKI, Lekra, or Sukarno’s presidency would live to see that conference.
But history arms us. ‘For the younger generation it is very important to relay to them the recent past and history of the country’, Martin insists. During the 2015 International People’s Tribunal on the 1965 events, Martin testified about the crimes against humanity that he saw. When questioned about his PKI affiliation – a Party that continues to be illegal – he responded, at great risk to himself, that he never regretted joining the Party when he was twenty-years-old. ‘I am a human being; I am proud that I have ideals, even if everyone condemns what I aspire to’.
In 1966, the Afro-Asian Writers’ Association organised the Anti-Imperialist Caricature Exhibition in Beijing, hosting 180 works from 24 countries on the Asian and African continents. Following this lineage, Tricontinental: Institute for Social Research and the International Week of Anti-Imperialist Struggle have been organising a series of four Anti-Imperialist Poster Exhibitions. We have had over 145 artists from 35 countries contribute work to our first three cycles themed, ‘Capitalism’, ‘Neoliberalism’, and ‘Imperialism’. The third exhibition launched on 1 October as part of the week of actions from 5-10 October, organised by hundreds of popular movements and political organisations around the world.
‘Formal organisations can disappear; Party organisations can be abolished’, Lekra poet Putu Oka Sukanta reminds us, ‘but the spirit lives, if it is right’. We call on you to contribute art to our exhibition so that we may – in the spirit of Lekra on its seventieth anniversary – combine individual creativity with the wisdom of the masses.
S. Nar, People’s Iron Broom, from the Afro-Asian People’s Anti-Imperialist Caricature Exhibition, 1966
Martin Aleida is a survivor of the bloody political upheaval in Indonesia from 1965-66 during which hundreds of thousands of people were killed. He was a former journalist of Harian Rakjat (‘The People’s Daily’) and editor of Lekra’s monthly magazine Zaman Baru (‘New Age’). He was detained for almost a year when he was just twenty-two years old. After being released, he wrote a good number of short stories on the impacts of the massacres carried out by the army and the civilian paramilitary. He worked as a reporter for TEMPO, a prominent weekly news in Jakarta in 1971 and was interrogated multiple times by the military authority under General Suharto’s pro-United States regime.
Martin Aleida gives a testimony at the International People’s Tribunal in The Hague in November, 2015
1 Translated from Goenawan Mohamad, ‘Forgetting; Poetry and the nation, a motif in Indonesian literary modernism after 1945’, 2002.
2 Translated by Antariksa, Sari D., Sol Aréchiga, Edwina Brennan for School of Improper Education, KUNCI Cultural Studies Center, 2018.
